Constructing A Multi Storey Commercial Building Construction Essay

Constructing A Multi Storey Commercial Building Construction Essay Involved clearing, grubbing (removal and disposal of surface vegetation, roots, stumps and underground part of structures to a depth of at least 0.50m below ground level) and stripping (removal of topsoil to an average depth of at least 100mm below ground level), JKR 1988-1. All the combustible material removed from the designated area is being disposed by burning however if burning is not permitted, it must be disposed in a safe and tidy manner at solid waste dump outside the site, JKR, 1998-1. 1.2 Earthwork Involved excavation of loosening and removing earth and rock from its original position from a cut and transporting it to a fill or a waste deposit (Clarkson ad Hicks, 1981). It must be carried out immediately after the top soil has been removed. Earthwork is important for the construction of drainage, roadway and building foundation. Mass haul diagram is used to ensure the volume of cut and fill are efficient (reduce wastage and import from other place). 1.3 Staking Staking is being carried out by surveying. Markers are being driven into the ground as markers for the building and perimeter fencing. Precise staking is important plot the view perimeter of a building. 1.4 Perimeter Fencing To prevent intruders, public and animals to create disruptions to the project. 1.5 Dewatering Applications of vertical drain, piezometer or surcharge are useful for the dewatering process. This is to ensure the pore water pressure in the soil is in a safety range hence it does not affect the building. 1.6 Temporary Buildings Include site office (meeting and discussion), toilet, store (store building materials), canteen, worker s quarters, etc. 1.7 Temporary Access Road It must be strong, wide and not too steep for heavy vehicles and it should allow to take-over space. Warning signboard and guard house should be equipped to ensure the safety of the site (prevent unauthorised intruder). 2.0 SUB-STRUCTURES Sub-structures are the elements of a building that are located beneath the ground level such as: 1) Piling and foundation 2) Basement/Underground floor 3) Column stumps 4) Ground beam 5) Hardcore and damp-proof materials 2.1 Piling and Foundation To support the structure above it. A system of piles, pile caps, and straps (if required) that transfers the structural load to the bearing stratum into which the piles are driven. Uploaded with ImageShack.us Piling 2.2 Basement/Underground Floor Sometimes, parking lots, merchandise outlets, food-court, etc are located at basement or underground. Proper supervising and soil investigation needed to ensure safety. 2.3 Column Stumps Colums stumps needed for the column to be build especially for high-rise building. Uploaded with ImageShack.us Workers are constructing column stumps 2.4 Ground Beam Ground beams are designed to support brick/blockwork or to form permanent shutter to the edge of in-situ concrete floor-slab. Loading requirements can be achieved by varying the reinforcement. Ground beams are rectangular or square in shape. However, notches / half end plates / sloped faces can be supplied to order. Uploaded with ImageShack.us Ground beams being constructed 2.5 Hardcore and Damp-Proof Materials A protective measure applied to building foundation walls to prevent moisture from passing through the walls into interior spaces. Moisture if in contact with the reinforced concrete, the reinforcement will rust and the strength of the reinforce concrete will be greatly reduced. 3.0 SUPER-STRUCTURES Super-structures are the elements located above the damp-proof material (ground level) such as: 1) Structural frame served as a frame for the construction of the upper floors 2) Upper floors for high-rise building. 3) Wall as a partition. 4) Roof 5) Doors and windows 6) Finishing 7) Utilities providing basic conveniences such as water, power supply, septic tank, telephone, fire detector, sprinkler, elevator, security alarm, etc. 4.0 EXTERNAL WORKS It consists of all the works outside the building such as: 1) Roads 2) Vehicle parking 3) Gutter 4) Sewer 5) Fence 6) Landscaping 5.0 UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAW There are many elements in the Uniform Building By-Law in Malaysia such as: 1) Preliminary 2) Submission of plans for approval includes supervision of work, scale of plans, plans of alterations, materials not to be deposited in a street without permission, etc. 3) Space, light and ventilation includes open spaces to be provided, access from a street, splayed corner, width of footwear, mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning, height of rooms in residential buildings, shophouses and school, etc. 4) Temporary works in connection with building operations includes commencement of building operation, responsibility of person granted temporary permits, vehicular access to site, etc. 5) Structural requirements includes building materials, general requirements of loading, weight of partitions, mechanical stacking, roof coverings, foundations, brick footings, etc. 6) Constructional requirements includes drainage of subsoil, protection against soil erosion, lift, swimming pools, depth of water, etc. 7) Fire requirements includes rules of measurement, protected shafts, ventilation to lift shafts, smoke detectors for lift lobbies, etc. 8) Fire alarms, fire detection, fire extinguishment and fire fighting access. 9) Miscellaneous building exempted, failure to buildings, etc. 6.0 SITE INVESTIGATION Site investigation is very important to a project to: 1) decide whether the site is generally suitable (whether it is situated at suitable location) 2) get specific information for complete design, safety and economy (determine soil properties) 3) prepare for construction alternatives (special equipments for dewatering and etc.) 7.0 PHASES OF INVESTIGATION The followings are the phases of investigation: 1) Desktop study initial study of available data 2) Site investigation get useful data from the site 3) Soil investigation determine soil properties 4) Analysis of data Sketch of Bad Site Layout Uploaded with ImageShack.us BAD SITE LAYOUT Based on the attached bad site layout, it is considered as bad due to the following reasons: 1) Material storage situated opposite of the road which is inconvenient for the construction work to be carried out. It will cause traffic issue while transporting the materials to the construction site. 2) Site office is far away from the construction site. 3) Worker s quarters are near to the construction site but the canteen is far away from the worker s quarters. This cause inconveniences for the workers during lunch time hour. 4) Toilet is far from the worker s quarters. 5) Parking lots are not located near to the construction site. 6) No pedestrian bridge between the construction site and the parking lots. This will cause a big problem to the traffic especially during peak hours. 7) The material storage, site office, canteen, toilet as well as parking lots should be situated at the empty space indicate in the site layout to minimise the problems discussed above.

Kelley Speach Rhetorical Analysis Enlgish Ap

In the 20th century women and children faced many injustices across the United States. Many supporters of the women’s suffrage were also advocates of child labor restrictions. Florence Kelley, an ambitious reformer and social worker, delivered a speech to the Notional American Women Suffrage Association in Philadelphia on July 22, 1905 in order to galvanize others to make changes in woman’s rights and child labor laws. Kelley purposefully appeals to emotions of her audience with the use of imagery and utilized parallel thought structure in order to convey her key points more prominently with the aid of literally elements.Kelley uses emotional appeal in her speech in order to further gain the attention of her audience by manipulating the audience’s emotions to ones Kelley feels will get her point across the best. She starts off her speech by using a piece of data that evokes strong emotion. In the first paragraph Kelley states that â€Å"two million† people under the age of sixteen years are working. She then goes further to state the gruesome jobs the children are doing such as working in cotton-mills and coal-breakers.She starts off with this emotional piece of data so that she can immediately get the attention of her audience. Once the attention of her audience is gained she freely talks about her wants for the change in law but she constantly reflects back to emotional appeal by using imagery throughout her speech in order to keep the audience’s attention. Another point she uses it is when she describes the treat of little six or seven year old girls in Georgia.Since at this point in time Georgia had no child labor laws Kelley uses the possible scenario of a little six or seven year old girl in Georgia whom is just able to reach the bobbins working eleven hours a day to create the emotion of sadness to bring the attention of her audience to her. She then immediately says â€Å"and they will do so tonight while we sleepâ₠¬  referring to the girls in her scenario to make the audience feel sadder about the situation and bringing the audience’s even attention even more towards her.By getting the Audience sad by using imagery and drawing them into her argument Kelley is able to bring her argument to the audience. Kelley also uses literary devices in order to make her key points in her argument seem stronger to the audience. Kelley conveys her key points throughout her speech with the use of parallelism. She repeats the same concept of the unfair child labor laws in four paragraphs to emphasize the point of the unfair laws. She uses the similar abor laws in Alabama, Georgia, New Jersey and Pennsylvania to repeat the concepts throughout these four paragraphs of her speech and to make sure her audience understands the importance of the unfair laws child labor laws in her argument. When describing these laws she uses literary elements to support her claim. For example she uses the implied positivity (the connotation) of the word â€Å"privilege† to create a sarcastic statement that contains a paraxial set of words to back up the unfairness of the child labor law set in New Jersey.Kelley does this when she states â€Å"boys and girls, after their 14th birthday, enjoy the pitiful privilege of working all night long†. She then ties the audience into the argument of child labor by finally tying the concepts of women’s suffrage into her debate after she vividly describes the unfairness of child labor laws through imagery, and literary elements. Kelley also uses a parallel thought structure when talking about women’s rights and how the enfranchisement of women could heal the child labor issues in the United States.She starts off the repeated ideas on women’s liberty with a two rhetorical questions that gets the audience even further intrigued in what she is going to say next. In sum, she asks the audience if women and teachers in Georgia could vote , would there still be unfair child labor laws. She then asks if women in New Jersey could vote would the bill that enabled girls 14 and up to work all night have been passed. Of course due to the bias of her audience most of the audience would have been thinking at this point the answer to those questions are no.Kelley subliminally at this point stated the women were able to vote child labor wouldn’t become as much of an issue. She wants the audience to think this because it then alludes to her next point that agrees with the bias of most of the people in the room, enfranchise of women as a solution to child labor issues. Kelley then says until the freedom of women, all women in the â€Å"great industrial states† will have unfree consciences and all people in the room should feel they have to participate in this beneficial change.Towards the end of her speech she repeats the idea ,due to her parallel though structure, again but more clearly that with the freedom of wo men; women will be able to take the place of children in the factories to reduce child labor. In sum, through her speech Kelley is able to effectively use rhetoric to persuade her audience in her claim of both the unfairness of child labor laws and how the enfranchisement of women would help fix the issue.

ESL Nonreversible Word Pairs or Examples

Certain words go together like bread and water. Bread and water is an example of a word pair that is always used in that order. In other words, we dont say water and bread. This type of word pair is called nonreversible. In many ways, they are like collocations — words that usually go together. Students can use this list with examples to learn the most common nonreversible word pairs. Teachers can use this resource in class to help students learn these set phrases. Once you are comfortable with these phrases, continue learning set phrases and collocations. Teachers can explore using set phrases in teaching techniques with the lexical approach. Adam and Eve Walking through this beautiful park makes it seem like we are Adam and Eve.Adam and Eve enjoyed a guilt-free life before the big mistake that started it all. Bacon and Eggs I love having bacon and eggs for breakfast.Would you like bacon and eggs this morning? Back and Forth We went back and forth on whether to buy the house or not.The messages went back and forth until a decision was made. Bread and Water Its very hard, but not impossible, to live on bread and water.Many movies show prisoners who only receive bread and water. Bride and Groom The bride and groom are very happy today!Look at the lovely bride and handsome groom. Business and Pleasure Many people say that its not a good idea to mix business and pleasure.Have you ever gone on a holiday that mixed business and pleasure? Cause and Effect Cause and effect are not always clear.There are certain linking words which show cause and effect. Cream and Sugar I take cream and sugar in my coffee.Would you like cream and sugar in your tea? Crime and Punishment We have been discussing crime and punishment in English class this month.Crime and Punishment is a famous novel by Dostoyevsky. Cup and Saucer Could you pass me the cup and saucer?Lets have some tea. Could you set the table with cups and saucers? Dead or Alive The criminal is wanted dead or alive.The days of the wild west were famous for notices looking for criminals dead or alive. Fish and Chips I had some fish and chips for dinner yesterday.One of the most famous dishes in England is fish and chips. Fun and Games Life is not all fun and games.Did you think school would be all fun and games? Hammer and Nail Use a hammer and nail to put those two boards together.Grab a hammer and nails and help me with this project. Husband and Wife The husband and wife appeared to be on vacation.Did you see the husband and wife staying in room 203? In and Out I have to go to work. Ill be in and out in a flash.Lets go in and out of the store. Knife and Fork Could you put the knives and forks on the table?I need another knife and fork. Ladies and Gentlemen Ladies and gentlemen, its my pleasure to welcome you tonight.Ladies and gentlemen, Id like to introduce you to Bill Hampton. Law and Order Most people desire law and order in their community.Law and order is one of the prime responsibilities of government. Life or Death Many people seem to go about work as if it were a matter of life or death.I feel like this is a life or death situation. Lock and Key Some parents try to keep their teenagers under lock and key.Our jewelry is kept under lock and key. Lost and Found Look for your coat in the lost and found.Where is the lost and found department? Name and Address Please provide your name and address on this form.Could I have your name and address, please? Pen and Pencil Bring pen and pencil to class on Monday.I always make sure I have pen and pencil by the telephone. Pots and Pans I spent three hours washing the pots and pans.We keep our pots and pans in that cupboard. Profit and Loss The profit and loss report will be out on Friday.Could you go over the profit and loss figures for last quarter? Rain or Shine Ill make sure to come rain or shine.Were having a picnic on Saturday - rain or shine. Read and Write Reading and writing are the two most important skills for this course.How old were you when you learned to read and write? Right and / or  Wrong Can you tell the difference between right and wrong?He doesnt care if it is right or wrong. Rise and Fall The rise and fall of Rome is fascinating.Some people feel that the rise and fall of this country is already behind us. Salt and Pepper Could you pass the salt and pepper?I like salt and pepper on my eggs. Shirt and Tie Be sure to wear a shirt and tie to the interview.Do I need to wear a shirt and tie? Shoes and Socks You cant get into this restaurant without shoes and socks.Put on your shoes and socks and lets go. Soap and Water Wash your hands with soap and water.Youll find soap and water in the bathroom. Sooner or Later Sooner or later well all know the truth.Ill do it sooner or later. Suit and Tie I wore a suit and tie to the party.Thats a nice suit and tie! Supply and Demand The market system runs on supply and demand.The laws of supply and demand decide a products success or failure. Sweet and Sour I love sweet and sour chicken.Would you like sweet and sour Chinese food tonight? Trial and Error Children learn through trial and error.Most business success occurs through trial and error. Up and / or  Down Id like you to vote this procedure up or down?Should we go up or down the stairs? War and Peace Life can be difficult in times of war and peace.War and Peace was written by Tolstoy. Wine and Cheese Lets have some wine and cheese this afternoon.They had wine and cheese at the party.

Kant And Kant s Moral Philosophy Essay - 1709 Words

Approaches in Moral Philosophy Every moral philosopher has their own moral approach and method to arriving at a moral decision. This is an overview of Kant, Mill, Aristotle and Held s moral approaches as well as their similarities and differences to each other. Kant s main point in The Categorical Imperative is that the morality of one s actions should be judged based on the motives behind the action. Kant also states that the only correct maxims are those which are universal laws. According to Kant, our maxims should be in accordance with universal laws, such as stealing and lying. If you say that you will not lie or steal, it is a good moral rule to live by and everyone should live by those rules, therefore, making them â€Å"universal laws†. Mill s moral approaches are based around Utilitarianism. The purpose of utilitarianism is to maximize happiness and pleasure and minimize pain, therefore, it bases moral choices on their end results. There are two types of utilitarianism- act utilitarianism, which focuses on an individual’s actions and rule utilitarianism, which bases the morality of a decision on whether or not the decision abides by a general moral code. Aristotle believed that each moral situation needs to be treated as an individual and we should not apply the same moral law to every situation. Aristotle focuses on virtues and a person s character. He believes that we are taught goodness and we become good people by practice and repetition of doing good.Show MoreRelatedKant s Philosophy On Moral Philosophy Essay1519 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough Kant s philosophy, outlined in The Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals, has some value as a moral guide, it alone is not always sufficient. After analysing Kant s objective moral imperative, I will show that implementing his philosophy has the potential to permit what is considered to be immoral. This is due to its rigid conditions, which are formed on the basis that he believes in the existence of a perfect morality that always holds true. However, I will argue that there is notRead MoreKant s Philosophy Of The Metaphysics Of Morals Essay1655 Words   |  7 PagesKant’s Phil osophy of How To Act In the second section of Kant’s Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant argues what is good will. He gives the answer to this question: â€Å"good will is the one which follows the categorical imperative to act only according to that maxim which you can at the same time will that it becomes a universal law† (4:421). Kant means good will is to follow the categorical imperative, which only has one principle of acting following the maxim in the universal law. He talksRead MoreKant s Philosophy On Moral Education1554 Words   |  7 PagesOne: Kant on Moral Education Jennifer Penkov: 1345217 Phil 444, Dr Alan McLuckie Friday, February 12, 2016 Word Count: 1, 567 This paper will focus on Kant s account of a moral education as found in his Lectures on Pedagogy. It will begin by discussing why Kant believed that education, specifically moral education, is necessary for a human being to realize her Bestimmung (destiny), but not necessary for non-rational animals to reach their natural vocations. It will analyze the role a moral educationRead MoreKant s Philosophy On Moral Philosophy1515 Words   |  7 PagesImmanuel Kant presented his most notable positions on moral philosophy in his book The Groundwork of Metaphysics of Morals. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel subsequently presented a number of objections to Kant’s positions, mainly in his book The Phenomenology of Spirit. 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Moral philosophy refers to the branch of philosophy concerned with ethics, in other words, What actions are right or wrong in particular circumstances?. Although there are two apparent options to choose from (the ‘right’ one, and the ‘wrong’ one), morals and ethics are more complicated than what we perceive it to be at first glance. For example, who decides which of the two is the more morally ‘correct’ option? What one perceives to be the ‘right’ optionRead MoreKantian Moral Theory : Kant s Philosophy1328 Words   |  6 PagesKantian Moral Theory In general, society considers lying to be negative and therefore one should not lie. Telling the truth is the morally right thing to do, and we should always be honest. Telling lies can leave us very stressed out and cause us to be deceitful towards others. We end up distorting ones views and perhaps even our own when we tell a lie that can lead to a snowball effect. Immanuel Kant has some of the strictest views on lying, and some philosophers claim there is something erroneousRead MoreKant s Philosophy Of Ethics And Moral Reasoning1432 Words   |  6 Pageshis book, â€Å"Critique of Practical Reason,† Immanuel Kant outlines his philosophy of ethics and moral reasoning. He introduces the reader to the Fundamental Law of Pure Practical Reason in chapter one of the Analytic. The Universal Law is a categorical imperative, which states: â€Å"So act that the maxim of your will could always hold at the same time as a principle in a giving of universal law† (Kant, 1993, p. 30). Like other nonconsequentialists, Kant is much more concerned with the motive behind an actionRead MoreImmanuel Kant s Philosophy On Moral And Good And Evil Behavior1413 Words   |  6 Pages Moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy which focuses and investigates the ideas of right and wrong and good and evil behavior. 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